Additionally, the effectiveness of treatments based solely on psychological models can vary widely depending on the individual and the specific substance involved. This perspective suggests that certain individuals may be more susceptible to addiction due to their genetic makeup. Research has identified several genes that may influence an individual’s risk of developing substance use disorders, including those involved in reward processing and impulse control. However, it’s crucial to note that https://auto-dom24.ru/redkij-ford-mustang-shelby-super-snake-speedster-2022-goda-napolovinu-avtobot-napolovinu-kollekcionnyj-predmet/ having these genetic variants doesn’t guarantee addiction; rather, it increases the likelihood when combined with environmental factors. Understanding the various models of addiction is crucial in order to comprehensively address the complex and multifaceted nature of this disorder.
The simple mediating role of executive dysfunction
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as trauma, especially combined with an unpredictable and chaotic childhood, pose a risk factor for many kinds of maladaptive behaviors and poor health outcomes. Studies show that having multiple ACEs puts children at risk of poor school performance, unemployment, and high-risk health behaviors including smoking and drug use. There are psychodynamic, attachment theory, and self-medication perspectives about addiction to consider, as well.
- The transtheoretical model of change recognizes that recovery isn’t a single event, but a process that unfolds over time.
- The biopsychosocial model recognizes that addiction isn’t just a product of faulty thinking or unresolved conflicts, but a complex interplay of multiple factors.
- It has been argued that a genetic contribution cannot support a disease view of a behavior, because most behavioral traits, including religious and political inclinations, have a genetic contribution 4.
- The brain is still developing, impulse control is a work in progress, and peer pressure is at its peak.
- Treatment approaches informed by the Disease Model often involve a combination of pharmacological and behavioral therapies, as well as peer support and community-based resources.
The mediating role of anxiety between autistic traits and PSU
The authors would like to thank the high school students for agreeing to participate in the study. The opinions expressed in all articles published here are those of the specific author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of Dove Medical Press Ltd or any of its employees. Thanks to all team members who participated in the data collection and all students who cooperated with the survey. Finally, we argue that progress would come from integration of these scientific perspectives and traditions. Wilson has argued more broadly for greater consilience 109, unity of knowledge, in science.
The Biopsychosocial Model: A Holistic Approach to Addiction
The Social Model of addiction emphasizes the influence of social, cultural, and environmental factors on the development and maintenance of addiction. According to this model, addiction is not solely the result of individual characteristics, but rather a complex interplay between the individual and https://nelyager.ru/post164400492/ their social context. Key factors considered within the Social Model include peer pressure, social norms, the availability and accessibility of substances, and socio-economic status. However, it is essential to recognize that personal responsibility alone is not sufficient for overcoming addiction. Treatment and recovery approaches based on the Moral Model alone may be inadequate, as they do not address the multitude of factors contributing to addiction.
Cyberbullying Victimization and Internet Gaming Addiction
Additionally, executive dysfunction is a shared feature in ASD and internet addiction 94, executive dysfunction could aggravate the development of internet addiction 95,96,97. Individuals with worser working memory capacity and lower attentional control may suffer more distraction from digital media such as the Internet and mobile phones 98. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that adolescents with high autistic traits are prone to develop PSU due to their executive dysfunction.
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Mental health educators can conduct group counseling activities to support students’ sense of autonomy, relatedness and competence. These measures will be effective in reducing Internet gaming addiction among college students. For individuals with high levels of parental autonomy support, the impact of cyberbullying victimization on their basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration are more obvious.
Behavioural Theory
- Alcohol addiction, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), remains a pervasive global issue, affecting millions of lives.
- We have found that cyberbullying victimization has been experienced by 57.2% of college students at least once.
- It’s as if the addict’s mind is running a faulty software program, constantly spitting out thoughts that justify and perpetuate drug use.
- Dysregulated substance use continues to be perceived as a self-inflicted condition characterized by a lack of willpower, thus falling outside the scope of medicine and into that of morality 3.
In the early days, Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic disciples viewed addiction as a manifestation of unconscious conflicts and unresolved childhood traumas. This perspective, while groundbreaking for its time, was just the beginning of a long and winding road of theoretical development. These findings underscore the importance to https://ya-zhenschina.online/ya-i-deti/beremennost-i-rody/ address social challenges for adolescents high in autistic traits, and provide viable intervention pathways to promote healthy smartphone use habits for this population. Future research can further explore how different dimensions of autistic traits independently or collectively affect PSU and how to design targeted prevention and intervention measures to reduce PSU among adolescents with high autistic traits. The scale’s score is the average of the 12 items, with higher scores indicating higher levels of parental autonomy support. Thus, as originally pointed out by McLellan and colleagues, most of the criticisms of addiction as a disease could equally be applied to other medical conditions 2.
Neuroscience research supports the idea that addiction is a habit that becomes deeply entrenched and self-perpetuating, rewiring the circuitry of the brain as it is repeated. The repetition of a highly pleasurable experience—drugs, gambling—alters neurons; they adjust their wiring to become increasingly efficient at the experience. As drug use stops, engaging in other rewarding activities rewires the brain to find interest and pleasure in non-drug pursuits.
However, when physically dependent and in a state of withdrawal, their choice preference would reverse 102. The critical role of alternative reinforcers was elegantly brought into modern neuroscience by Ahmed et al., who showed that rats extensively trained to self-administer cocaine would readily forego the drug if offered a sweet solution as an alternative 103. This was later also found to be the case for heroin 103, methamphetamine 104 and alcohol 105. Early residential laboratory studies on alcohol use disorder indeed revealed orderly operant control over alcohol consumption 106. Furthermore, efficacy of treatment approaches such as contingency management, which provides systematic incentives for abstinence 107, supports the notion that behavioral choices in patients with addictions remain sensitive to reward contingencies.